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Black Bears

The black bear is the smallest North American bear. The adults are
usually less than six feet long and stand about two to three feet tall at
shoulders. The weight of a black bear varies between 125-500 ponds. They
have small eyes and rounded ears. Also their snout is very long. Each paw
has five very strong claws, which is used for tearing, digging, and climbing.
One single hit from the front paw is enough to kill an adult deer. A black
bear is a true carnivore, but if not prevented the black bear could be a huge
problem to humans.


A black bear loves to eat fresh leaves, berries, fruits, nuts, roots and also
insects and small mammals. When fall comes near, a black bear must eat
large amounts of food in order to gain enough weight to keep them through
winter hibernation. During hibernation when a little bit warmer weather
comes near the black bear must awaken and take short excursions outdoors,
so they can get a drink or some food. This is so the black bear will be able to
go back to sleep easier.


During hibernation a black bear will stay in a cave or some kind of stone
formation. Usually it will be near a creek or stream. The area around the
cave will usually have a lot of vegetation. If the cave does not have any
water or food around it the black bear will try to find another place to sleep
through the winter. That place will have plenty of food and water. During
the short excursions outdoors during hibernation the bear looks for
replenishments, this is why the bear must be near food and water (Rieffberger
8).


A black bear’s habitat usually depends on two factors. One is vegetation
and the other is human activity. A black bear usually is not picky about a
place to stay if it has got food and is not too close to human activity. A black
bear’s habitat is usually characterized by a dense forest understory, which
includes brushy territory or a lot of downed trees which fell due to the
weather. Once spring starts coming around, black bears start emerging from
their hibernation. They move around the area a lot, because they are looking
for a new place which has good cover to stay under and a lot of vegetation a
round (Rieffenberger 8).


Black bears are becoming more and more of a problem. If people have
garbage or food that they have thrown out, a black bear may come and get it.
To keep a black bear out of the garbage, you need to get rid of the garbage
properly. If you do have a bad bear problem, you should call the West
Virginia Division on Natural Resources and they will either trap the black
bear or chase it away with the use of trained hounds. If the officer traps the
bear, the officer has to fill out a form to tell where it was captured, and what
the problem was. Then the officer tags the bears ear and fills out information
about the bear itself. When the officer releases the black bear, he has to tell
the date, county, and exact location. After this is done, the officer will be
able to if it is the same bear when another black bear is caught and has a tag.
The very last resort in getting rid of a black bear is shooting it. If this is the
case, a conservation officer will have to be the one to kill the black bear. If
any damage is done the person should check and see if the damage is covered
by the bear damage compensation. Not all damage is covered. Sometimes no
damage at all is covered (Houchins 2).


Most problems with black bears is caused by human error. If a person
gets rid of their trash and edible products properly, they will most likely not
have a problem with black bears (WV DNR).
The mating season for a black bear differs from most animals. Most
animals breed when they are in peak physical condition, but black bears when
their body weight is at the lowest for the year


and the food is scarce. This is usually in the spring. The birth of a cub
usually takes place in the sows winter den. If it is the bears first litter, there
will often be only one cub, but if it is not she may have two or three cubs.
The cub(s) will have a coat of short hair, and their eyes are shut. The cubs
are very small in size, usually between six to twelve ounces. The cubs grow
rapidly on the rich milk diet. Their eyes remain shut for the first six weeks
(Rieffenberger 16).


When cubs are three or four months old they take their first excursion
from their mothers side. Under the eye of their mother, the cubs learn what to
eat and what not to eat. The cubs are weaned in the late summer or early fall
when food becomes very abundant. Usually in September the mother takes
the cubs out and teaches them how to find sources of food like berries, fruits,
and nuts. Also sources of water and shelter. Around this time the cubs are
weighing about 25-65 pounds (Wildlife Biologue). The cubs usually spend
their first winter with their mother. Some cubs and their mothers move
around all winter and go back to their den on stormy days (Rieffenberger 18).
By June of the cubs second year, they are introduced to the world alone.
When the cubs are turned loose their weight usually goes down because of
the problem of not being able to find food, but with the help of a long summer
and abundant amount of food the cubs will make it all right. The cubs gain
weight even more the third summer when they know how to find food better
by themselves. When the mother turns the cubs loose in their second
summer, it is time for her to mate again (Wildlife Biologue).
To protect black bears from hunters, sanctuaries are established by the
D.N.R. These sanctuaries protect the breeding bears. The cubs of these
bears will be the ones turned loose to keep the population of black bears up
so they won’t go into extinction. Also in the sanctuaries scientists can study a
bear’s behavior, diet, and way of life including birth and death. The scientists
can do tests on black bears and find cures for diseases that black bears may
get in the future (WV DNR).


Black bears have inhabited West Virginia for along time. There was a lot
of black bears in the state when it was settled by the white men. In the3
1700’s the black bears were killed in large numbers by hunters. The hunters
wanted the meat and the furs so they could stay warm in the winter.
In 1933 a letter was sent to T.M. Cheek, state conservation commission
director. They told in the letter that the black bear was a beautiful problem
and it receives no protection, but should. In 1944 there was now a black bear
hunting season. No black bears could be killed by the hunter unless it was
hunting season. Then are only so many bears could be killed during one
season by one hunter. This helped the black bear population a lot. The black
bears were finally protected by a new law. After this the black bear
population grows not to rapidly. The future will soon note an increase of
black bears. With the hunting seasons and the help of the Department of
Natural Resources the black bears will be seen all over the state. If you have
seen one black bear in your county now, it will not be unlikely to see five or
six in the future.


To summarize, black bears are one small, North American carnivore that
stands about three feet tall to shoulders, and weighs about 125-500 pounds
A black bear’s paws are suitable for tearing, digging, and climbing. One
swipe from a black bears claws is enough to kill an adult deer.
Although classified as a carnivore, they are actually a omnivore who likes
to eat leaves, berries, roots, nuts, and some small animals. In the fall, black
bears start eating large amounts of food in order to gain weight and survive
winter hibernation.
Where a black bear chooses to inhabit depends on the vegetation of an
area and the amount of human activity. Black bears are a very complicated
animal. They are calm at most times and are only angered mostly by humans.
Black bears usually breed in the spring and the young leave their mothers in
the second summer of their life.


Because of their endangered species status, the DNR have established
sanctuaries to protect black bears. In 1944, a black bear season was
established. Only during this time could black bears be killed by hunters.
Due to this new protection law, the black bear population began to rise. In
the future, it will be a common sight to see a few black bears in your county.



Works Cited
Houchins, Stephen C, James E. Craft, and Jerry R. Duffield. Procedures for
Handling Nuisance Bears. Wildlife Resources Section 1999
How to Avoid Bear Damage and Nuisance Problems. West Virginia Division
of Natural Resources. 1996
Rieffenberger, Joseph C. et. al. West Virginia Black Bear. Wildlife Resources
Division. 1981
U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
American Black Bear. 1994. 28 October, 1999.
http://frogweb.nbii.gov/features/kidscorner/bbear.html/>
West Virginia Division of Natural Resources. 1899 Black Bear Hunting
Season. Wildlife Resources Section 1999.

 

The Bear Facts - Term Paper Refence Material
By Marsha Jordan

 

Last night, while I sat near the patio door reading, a hulking black bear lumbered up the steps of the deck behind me. At the railing, he rose on his hind legs. With a swat of one huge paw, he knocked our bird feeder to the ground.

How does a grown woman react when she’s standing almost nose to nose with a 200-pound wild animal? First, she thanks God for the thin sheet of glass separating them. Then, she screams like a screech owl for her husband, of course. The husband (who is much braver than I am when a bear is standing three feet away) slid the glass door open and yelled “Get outta here!” But I don’t think this bear understood English -- or human for that matter.

The bear’s lack of fear disturbed me. Now, I’m not the kind of person who strikes fear in any heart, so it was no surprise to me that I didn’t scare the bear. The husband, on the other hand, is definitely one scary dude. He looks like a deranged Grizzly Adams, and he could easily win an axe murderer look alike contest. Let me put it this way: If we were strangers and I encountered him on a dimly lit street, I would cross to the other side, step up my pace, and keep my spraying finger planted firmly on the nozzle of my mace can. The only way he could be scarier is if he had big bushy eyebrows and hair growing out his ears and nose. Oh, wait. He already does have big bushy eyebrows and hair growing out his ears and nose. Well, then, I guess the only way he could be any scarier would be if he had three arms, an extra eye in the middle of his forehead, and teeth protruding from his ears.

But back to the bear. He or she -- whatever it was (it’s difficult to determine a bear’s gender without close inspection, which I’m not willing to attempt) this bear was not afraid of the husband. It ignored him, intent upon gobbling its bird seed snack. Only after it had finished the last sunflower seed and destroyed what was left of the bird feeder, did the bear stroll off into the woods.

For you city folks who may not understand the ways of the woods, let me enlighten you about bears. In the Fall, they stuff themselves silly (much like I do all year long). They gorge themselves with berries, garbage, and dead things (much like my dog does). They develop a huge layer of belly fat (much like mine). Then they sleep for several months (which is an effective way to avoid the cold north woods winters). What a life! I should have been born a bear. I do, after all, have the temperament and hairy legs for it, and I would love to sleep the winter away.

Anyway, bears awake from hibernation with tremendous appetites (kind of like mine after I’ve fasted for two hours), but there is little for bears to eat in Spring when vegetation hasn’t begun to grow.

Now, if a bear’s stomach is anything like mine, its middle-of-the-night growling cannot be ignored. In fact, the quiet grumble intensifies till it sounds like a howler monkey screaming “Feed me -- NOW!" Many nights, out of necessity, I abandon my cozy bed and forage for food. Hunger compels me to do it. I hate stumbling downstairs in a sleepy fog to search for a midnight snack, usually stubbing a toe or running into a wall along the way. However, my demanding gut is as relentless as a teenager begging for car keys. It keeps annoying, wearing me down, till I can’t stand any more and I’ll do whatever it takes to appease it.

It’s the same way for bears. Their children don’t beg for car keys, but their ravenous appetites dictate their behavior. They become more bold and aggressive when food is scarce. That’s why I don’t take spring-time hikes through the woods. In fact, I’m not real brave in my own front yard.

I often cross the yard between my house and car while unconcerned critters munch away at my lawn, eyeing me with a nonchalant air that implies, “This is OUR territory. Why are YOU in it?”

We’ve shooed porcupines away more than once for chomping on our porch posts. And there’s a mini herd of cavalier deer who dine each evening just steps from my front door. So you can understand why I’m a little apprehensive outside in the dark. Actually, I’m more than a little apprehensive. I’m a big chicken. That’s why I take my dog out with me (all fifteen poodle-pounds of him) to stand guard while I carry groceries in from the car.

King Louie’s duty is to scare away monsters, burglars, and beasts, but he’s not cut out for the job. He intimidates no one except the fainthearted UPS man who hasn’t yet discovered that Louie doesn’t have teeth.

Once, a defiant buck had the gall to stroll right onto my porch in pursuit of my pansies. It sniffed at the dumbfounded dog who stood mute, trembling with fear. And I’m no better than Louie at scaring away wild animals. They ignore me, even when I stomp, yell, and flap my flabby arms like a giant, crazed, bat-woman.

The scariest pests are definitely the bears. I don’t much like them invading my personal space. When brazen bruins began busting down our bee hives to steal honey, that was the last straw. We kept moving the hives closer to our house until they were finally just outside the back door. Yet, the hungry bears were undaunted. They continued to mosey right up to the house. Each time I opened the door, I expected to find myself face to face with Smokey and his kinfolk.

I was also miffed because, now that the hives were so close, bees were entering the house as often as I did. Keep in mind that thousands of bees live in each hive. That’s a lot of stingers. The female bees are the workers. While they’re out collecting nectar all day, the male bees do nothing but hang around the hive watching TV, drinking beer, and scratching themselves. All those thousands of drones are brimming with testosterone and looking for a fight. These kings of sting are easily agitated and bored because they don’t have much excitement in their lives. Their only entertainment is waiting for some unsuspecting victim to wander near so they can torment him. Okay, I know the rotten little buggers are necessary for pollination and all that, but I hate any critter that has a lethal weapon attached to its rear end. (I’m consoled, however, by the fact that they die immediately after stinging me.)

Cohabitation with angry, stinging bees doesn’t bother the husband. His hide, like a thick-skinned bear’s, is impenetrable. He doesn’t mind being attacked by swarms of the ornery, little dive-bombing lancet launchers. He once received 200 stings in one day. Yet, he still actually likes these disgusting kamikaze bugs. He even catches wild ones (of the bumble variety) to show our grandson. “Go ahead,” he tells Cobi, “Pick it up and pet it.” This makes grandma faint.

The husband was reluctant to part with his beloved bees, but he wasn’t willing to share their honey with mooching bears either. This created a dilemma.

Determined to live in a bee-free, bear-free home, I put my foot down. We discussed the options and then we compromised by doing things my way. We got rid of the bees, the hives, and the honey, which eliminated the bear problem. We learned to get by without honey; but knowing we were outwitted by dumb animals was tougher to live with.

The moral behind all this critter talk is this: Animals that don’t fear people don’t live long. I think it’s safe to say that hunger is hazardous to their health.

This truth applies to humans too. Don’t our appetites get us into trouble? I know I’m guilty of sometimes acting like a dumb animal. When I see something I want, I often throw caution to the wind and do foolish things. (For proof of this, check my closet.) Cravings for clothes, cars, houses, power, money, sex, control, praise, or status can be hazardous to our health, well being, and relationships.

 

Marsha Jordan
Author of "Hugs, Hope, and Peanut Butter"
hugsandhope@gmail.com
www.hugsandhope.org

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